A. What is the function of each of the following statements:
1. May I go out, please?
2. Could I have your number?
3. You needn’t buy fruit. We have enough at home.
4. You ought to see a dentist if your tooth hurts.
5. You have to do your homework.
6. You must be on time to school.
7. You mustn’t drive through the red light.
8. You are tired. You must have worked a lot.
9. Morocco might win the World Cup, you never know.
10. I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.
11. Dad can’t run fast.
12. You can’t ask a lady her age!
13. Sean can’t have done the murder. He was at work.
2. Could I have your number?
3. You needn’t buy fruit. We have enough at home.
4. You ought to see a dentist if your tooth hurts.
5. You have to do your homework.
6. You must be on time to school.
7. You mustn’t drive through the red light.
8. You are tired. You must have worked a lot.
9. Morocco might win the World Cup, you never know.
10. I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.
11. Dad can’t run fast.
12. You can’t ask a lady her age!
13. Sean can’t have done the murder. He was at work.
KEY: 1. Permission. 2. Request. 3. Lack of necessity. 4. Advisability. 5. Necessity / obligation. 6. Necessity /obligation. 7. Prohibition. 8. Certainty / deduction. 9. Possibility. 10. Suggestion 11. Inability. 12. inappropriateness. 13. impossibility.
B. Match the sentences with the speaker:
1. My grandfather could swim very well.
2. Children must do their homework. 3. Could you open the window, please? 4. It’s cloudy. It may rain soon. 5. You should stop smoking. 6. You mustn’t eat chewing gum in class.. 7. You needn’t cook. I’ m not hungry 8. May I use your pen , please. |
a. Doctor.
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KEY: 1. b, 2. c, 3. h, 4. e, 5. a, 6. d, 7. f, 8. g.
C. What do you say to express … (choose a or b)
1. … possibility?
2. … impossibility? 3. … polite request? 4. … advisability? 5. … necessity? 6. … lack of necessity? 7. … permission? |
a. My keys must be in the car.
b. My keys may be in the car. a. They can’t have got lost. b. They might have got lost. a. Must I help you? b. May I help you? a. We shouldn’t encourage such bad behavior. b. We can’t encourage such bad behavior. a. You could have a visa to visit Italy. b. You must have a visa to visit Italy. a. b. You mustn’t shout. We can hear you. b. You don’t have to shout. We can hear you. a. Can I go out, please? b. Do I have to go out? |
KEY: 1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. a, 5. b, 6. b, 7. a.
D. Choose the correct word in the following sentences before you look at the key at the bottom of the page:
1. I want to go to Portugal but I can’t / mustn’t speak Portuguese.
2. People can / must obey the law.
3. You mustn’t/needn’t smoke here. It’s forbidden.
4. My father can / should make fifty push-ups.
5. I could/can jump very high when I was young.
6. You might/have to pay attention in class.
7. You needn’t/can’t buy tomatoes; we have enough in the fridge.
8. It can’t have/may not have rained. The grass is not wet.
9. You shouldn’t /needn’t wear jewelry in to school.
10. We ought to have / may have revised more. You may fail.
11. We shouldn’t have/couldn’t have invited so many people. We don’t have enough room.
12. Our team must have /could have won the match if they had played better.
13. Where are my key? I may have/ must have left them in the office. I’m sure.
14. Dad is late. He must have/might have gotten stuck in the traffic. I’m not sure.
2. People can / must obey the law.
3. You mustn’t/needn’t smoke here. It’s forbidden.
4. My father can / should make fifty push-ups.
5. I could/can jump very high when I was young.
6. You might/have to pay attention in class.
7. You needn’t/can’t buy tomatoes; we have enough in the fridge.
8. It can’t have/may not have rained. The grass is not wet.
9. You shouldn’t /needn’t wear jewelry in to school.
10. We ought to have / may have revised more. You may fail.
11. We shouldn’t have/couldn’t have invited so many people. We don’t have enough room.
12. Our team must have /could have won the match if they had played better.
13. Where are my key? I may have/ must have left them in the office. I’m sure.
14. Dad is late. He must have/might have gotten stuck in the traffic. I’m not sure.
KEY: 1. Can’t, 2. Must, 3. Mustn’t, 4. Can, 5. Could, 6. Have to, 7. Needn’t, 8. Can’t have, 9. Shouldn’t, 11. Ought to have, 11. Shouldn’t have, 12. Could have, 13. Must have, 14. Might have.
E. Use an appropriate modal verb with the verb in brackets:
1. I think I (leave) ______________ the Computer on. Please can you check?
2. I am tired. I (get) ______________ some sleep.
3. Jane (drive) ______________ to school. Her car is at the mechanic.
4. The doctor said that I (go) ______________ on a healthy diet.
5. I (eat) ______________ that cake. I have a stomach ache now.
6. There is no food left. The kids (eat) ______________ it all.
7. He (leave) ______________ the house. The light is still on.
8. You (drive) ______________ fast when the roads are slippery.
2. I am tired. I (get) ______________ some sleep.
3. Jane (drive) ______________ to school. Her car is at the mechanic.
4. The doctor said that I (go) ______________ on a healthy diet.
5. I (eat) ______________ that cake. I have a stomach ache now.
6. There is no food left. The kids (eat) ______________ it all.
7. He (leave) ______________ the house. The light is still on.
8. You (drive) ______________ fast when the roads are slippery.
KEY: (there might be more than one answer) 1. ... might have left ... 2. ... must get ... 3. ... couldn't have driven ... 4. ... should go ... 5. ... shouldn't have eaten ... 6. ... must have eaten ... 7. ... can't have left ... 8. ... shouldn't drive ...
MODALS IN THE PASSIVE have this structure:
Modals in the present passive: modal + be + the past participle.
Modals in the past passive: modal + have been + the past participle.
F. Rewrite these sentences as suggested:
1. Mom must have cooked spaghetti. I can smell it.
Spaghetti ......................................................................................................
2. The student had to hand in her essay yesterday.
The essay ......................................................................................................
3. You can’t fix this problem.
This problem ...................................................................................................
4. Jane might have written you an email.
An email .........................................................................................................
5. You may take this medicine before meals.
This medicine ..................................................................................................
6. They should do something about global warming:
Something .......................................................................................................
7. You can see the Mona Lisa in Louvre.
The Mona Lisa .................................................................................................
8. They should have finished the work yesterday.
The work ..........................................................................................................
9. My car is not here. They must have towed it.
My car is not here. It .......................................................................................
10. You mustn't miss the opportunity.
The opportunity ...............................................................................................
Spaghetti ......................................................................................................
2. The student had to hand in her essay yesterday.
The essay ......................................................................................................
3. You can’t fix this problem.
This problem ...................................................................................................
4. Jane might have written you an email.
An email .........................................................................................................
5. You may take this medicine before meals.
This medicine ..................................................................................................
6. They should do something about global warming:
Something .......................................................................................................
7. You can see the Mona Lisa in Louvre.
The Mona Lisa .................................................................................................
8. They should have finished the work yesterday.
The work ..........................................................................................................
9. My car is not here. They must have towed it.
My car is not here. It .......................................................................................
10. You mustn't miss the opportunity.
The opportunity ...............................................................................................
KEY: 1. ... must have bee cooked .... 2. ... had to be handed in ... 3. ... can't be fixed. 4. ... might have been written ... 5. ... may be taken ... 6. ... should be done ... 7. ... can be seen ... 8. ... should have been finished ... 9. ... must have been towed. 10. mustn’t be missed.
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