CONTENT:
REVIEW OF LINKING WORDS (A&B)
ADDITION LINKING WORDS
CONCESSION LINKING WORDS
CAUSE AND EFFECT LINKING WORDS
PURPOSE LINKING WORDS
MIXED EXERCISE
A. Fill in the gaps with "because" or "to":
1. I didn’t go to the party ________ I was ill.
2. She is jogging ________ she wants to keep fit.
3. She is jogging ________ keep fit.
4. They work hard ________ get good grades.
5. It’s wet ________ it rained all night.
6. We need a camera ________ take some pictures
7. We need a camera ________ we want to take some photos
8. Jack rang up his wife ________ tell her the news.
2. She is jogging ________ she wants to keep fit.
3. She is jogging ________ keep fit.
4. They work hard ________ get good grades.
5. It’s wet ________ it rained all night.
6. We need a camera ________ take some pictures
7. We need a camera ________ we want to take some photos
8. Jack rang up his wife ________ tell her the news.
KEY: 1. because, 2. because, 3. to, 4. to, 5. because, 6. to, 7. because, 8. to.
B. Choose the correct linking word from the list: (because, to, and, but, or so)
1. I go to school (because/to/but) study.
2. I didn't buy that my friend a gift (because/to/and) I didn't have any money.
3. Sally has a brother (but/and/too) a sister.
4. Jack is not good at soccer, (but/and/too) he can play basketball very well.
5. dad was angry at the waiter (because/to/and) he was late with our food.
6. Shall we go to the beach (or/so/but) to the mountain?
7. My car broke down, (or/so/but) I had to call a mechanic.
8. Ian worked hard (so/or/but) he did not get a good grade.
9. We didn't go on picnic (to/but/because) it was cold, rainy, and windy.
10. I am Moroccan (but/or/and) I live in Morocco.
11. Fast foods are usually delicious (but/or/and) unhealthy.
12. You have a toothache, (or/so/but) you have to see a dentist.
13. It doesn't matter whether you win (or/so/but) lose - it's taking part that's important.
14. She read a lot (to/and/because) learn about the history of Morocco.
15. You have to leave early (to/and/because) dodge the rush-hour.
2. I didn't buy that my friend a gift (because/to/and) I didn't have any money.
3. Sally has a brother (but/and/too) a sister.
4. Jack is not good at soccer, (but/and/too) he can play basketball very well.
5. dad was angry at the waiter (because/to/and) he was late with our food.
6. Shall we go to the beach (or/so/but) to the mountain?
7. My car broke down, (or/so/but) I had to call a mechanic.
8. Ian worked hard (so/or/but) he did not get a good grade.
9. We didn't go on picnic (to/but/because) it was cold, rainy, and windy.
10. I am Moroccan (but/or/and) I live in Morocco.
11. Fast foods are usually delicious (but/or/and) unhealthy.
12. You have a toothache, (or/so/but) you have to see a dentist.
13. It doesn't matter whether you win (or/so/but) lose - it's taking part that's important.
14. She read a lot (to/and/because) learn about the history of Morocco.
15. You have to leave early (to/and/because) dodge the rush-hour.
KEY: 1. to, 2. because, 3. and, 4. but, 5. because, 6. or, 7. so, 8. but, 9. because, 10. and, 11. but, 12. so, 13. or, 14. to, 15. to.
ADDITION LINKING WORDS:
C. Rewrite these sentences using the given addition words:
1. Shakespeare was a great playwright. He was a talented actor. (Besides)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Ted turned up late. He forgot his English book. (Not only ...but .... as well)
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3. Ann is taking piano lessons. Ann is taking guitar lessons. (as well as)
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4. Jane sold the house. Jane sold the furniture. (too)
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5. My car has an airbag system. It has an air-conditioner. (Moreover)
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6. Marrakesh is a Moroccan Imperial city. Fez is a Moroccan Imperial city. (both)
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7. Picasso painted “Guernica” and “Celestina ”. (not only ...but also...)
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8. The soldier is tall. The solder is strong. (in addition)
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9. The apple is red. The apple is sweet. (both)
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10. Tom Cruise is popular . Tom Cruise is handsome. (also)
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11. Sara is a good mom. She’s a good wife. (what's more)
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12. Ruth walked the dog. Ruth fed the cat this morning. (and then)
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2. Ted turned up late. He forgot his English book. (Not only ...but .... as well)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Ann is taking piano lessons. Ann is taking guitar lessons. (as well as)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Jane sold the house. Jane sold the furniture. (too)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. My car has an airbag system. It has an air-conditioner. (Moreover)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Marrakesh is a Moroccan Imperial city. Fez is a Moroccan Imperial city. (both)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Picasso painted “Guernica” and “Celestina ”. (not only ...but also...)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The soldier is tall. The solder is strong. (in addition)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The apple is red. The apple is sweet. (both)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Tom Cruise is popular . Tom Cruise is handsome. (also)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Sara is a good mom. She’s a good wife. (what's more)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Ruth walked the dog. Ruth fed the cat this morning. (and then)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
KEY: 1. Shakespeare was a great playwright. Besides, was a talented actor.
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7. Picasso painted not only “Guernica” but also “Celestina ”.
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CONCESSION LINKING WORDS:
D. Rewrite these sentence with the concession words given:
1. My grandfather is old but he works out everyday. (in spite of)
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2. My uncle is rich but he is stingy. (even though)
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3. It was cold but Mary did not wear a coat. (although)
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4. Amy and Sean are neighbors. They rarely see each other. (despite)
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5. It’s sunny and hot but there is nobody at the beach. (in spite of)
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6. The disease is not serious but we need to take precautionary measures. (nevertheless)
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7. My teacher speaks English fluently. He is not a native speaker. (yet)
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8. John is on a quite good salary. He finds it difficult to make both ends meet. (although)
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9. Cameron Diaz left school at 16 but she managed to become a Hollywood celebrity. (despite)
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10. The athlete hurt his knee. He managed to finish the race. (even so)
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2. My uncle is rich but he is stingy. (even though)
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3. It was cold but Mary did not wear a coat. (although)
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4. Amy and Sean are neighbors. They rarely see each other. (despite)
......................................................................................................................................................................
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5. It’s sunny and hot but there is nobody at the beach. (in spite of)
......................................................................................................................................................................
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6. The disease is not serious but we need to take precautionary measures. (nevertheless)
......................................................................................................................................................................
7. My teacher speaks English fluently. He is not a native speaker. (yet)
......................................................................................................................................................................
8. John is on a quite good salary. He finds it difficult to make both ends meet. (although)
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
9. Cameron Diaz left school at 16 but she managed to become a Hollywood celebrity. (despite)
......................................................................................................................................................................
10. The athlete hurt his knee. He managed to finish the race. (even so)
......................................................................................................................................................................
KEY: 1. In spite of his old age, my grandfather works out everyday.
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5. In spite of the fact that It’s sunny and hot, there is nobody at the beach.
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CAUSE AND EFFECT LINKING WORDS:
A cause is something that makes something else happen. To determine the cause, you ask the question: "Why did it happen?” An effect is what happens as a result of the cause. To determine the effect, you ask the question: "What happened?"
E. Rewrite these sentence with the cause and effect words given:
1. The cancellation of the concert was ____________ the rain. (due to/because)
2. I am thinking, ____________ I exist. 'René Descartes' (because of/ therefore)
3. ____________ the rain, we stayed at home. (Because of/Therefore)
4. My knee started hurting. ____________ I stopped running. (consequently/due to)
5. My grandfather broke his back. ____________ , he spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair. (therefore/because)
6. I fell off my bike. ____________ , I scraped my knee. (on account of/as a result)
7. My alarm clock didn’t ring, ____________ I was late for school. (so/as)
8. It was cold, ____________ the student closed the windows. (that's why/ because)
9. I didn't sleep well last night ____________ coughing. (therefore/because of)
10. The roads were severely damaged ____________ the flooding. (therefore/due to)
11. I had to restart my computer ____________ it froze. (so/as)
12. Jennifer was rewarded ____________ honesty. (as / on account of)
2. I am thinking, ____________ I exist. 'René Descartes' (because of/ therefore)
3. ____________ the rain, we stayed at home. (Because of/Therefore)
4. My knee started hurting. ____________ I stopped running. (consequently/due to)
5. My grandfather broke his back. ____________ , he spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair. (therefore/because)
6. I fell off my bike. ____________ , I scraped my knee. (on account of/as a result)
7. My alarm clock didn’t ring, ____________ I was late for school. (so/as)
8. It was cold, ____________ the student closed the windows. (that's why/ because)
9. I didn't sleep well last night ____________ coughing. (therefore/because of)
10. The roads were severely damaged ____________ the flooding. (therefore/due to)
11. I had to restart my computer ____________ it froze. (so/as)
12. Jennifer was rewarded ____________ honesty. (as / on account of)
KEY: 1. due to, 2. therefore, 3. Because of, 4. consequently 5. therefore, 6. as a result, 7. so, 8. that's why, 9. because of, 10. due to, 11. as, 12. on account of.
PURPOSE LINKING WORDS
A purpose is the reason for which something is done. English has various ways of expressing purpose. We can use: to+verb, in order to, so as to, so that +noun/pronoun, lest (=for fear that), for fear that ...
F. Rewrite these sentence with the purpose words given:
1. You need to sign up and participate in the trip. (to)
2. They had a small party: They didn’t want to disturb the neighbors. (lest)
3. I work hard. I want to get good grades. (so as to)
4. We have to leave now; otherwise, miss the train. (so as not to)
5. They are saving money because they want to buy a car. (so that)
6. She went to the bank. They want to get some money. (to)
7. We didn't tell her the bad news: We didn’t want to upset her. (for fear of)
8. We opened the window because we wanted to let some fresh air in. (in order to)
9. Cyclists should wear orange coats: This way drivers could see them. (so that)
10. He tiptoed quietly out of the room in because he didn’t want to wake the kids. (in order not to)
2. They had a small party: They didn’t want to disturb the neighbors. (lest)
3. I work hard. I want to get good grades. (so as to)
4. We have to leave now; otherwise, miss the train. (so as not to)
5. They are saving money because they want to buy a car. (so that)
6. She went to the bank. They want to get some money. (to)
7. We didn't tell her the bad news: We didn’t want to upset her. (for fear of)
8. We opened the window because we wanted to let some fresh air in. (in order to)
9. Cyclists should wear orange coats: This way drivers could see them. (so that)
10. He tiptoed quietly out of the room in because he didn’t want to wake the kids. (in order not to)
KEY: 1. You need to sign up to participate in the trip. 2. They had a small party lest they disturbed the neighbors.
3. I work hard so as to get good grades. 4. We have to leave now so as not to miss the train.
5. They are saving money so that they can buy a car. 6. She wen to the bank to get some money.
7. We didn't tell her the bad news for fear of upsetting her. 8. We opened the window in order to let some fresh air in.
9. Cyclists should wear orange coats so that drivers could see them. 10. He tiptoed quietly out of the room in order not to wake the kids.
MIXED EXERCISE
G. Match each sentence with its function:
1. We left early so as to avoid traffic jam.
2. She rarely brushes her teeth. So, she has a stinky breath. 3.She smiles even though her heart is aching. 4. They own villa in Italy as well as a chalet in France. |
a. concession
b. purpose. c. cause and effect. d. addition. |
KEY: 1. b, 2. c, 3. a, 4. d.
H. Rewrite these sentence with the words given:
1. You have to hurry up. You will be late for the party. (in order not to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. You should work hard if you want to succeed. (so as to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. He is a good company. He talks all the time. (In spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I am saving money because I want to buy a bicycle. (so that)
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5. Gallia is beautiful and smart. (not only … but … as well)
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6. Our teacher speaks English and Spanish. (not only … but also….)
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7. Surfing is fun. It can be dangerous. (Yet)
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8. Arabic and Amazigh are spoken in Morocco. (both)
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9. I couldn't eat. I was very hungry. (despite)
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10. Our team played well. They lost. (Even though)
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11. Mom is short but Dad is tall. (Whereas)
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12. We did not go on trip as the weather was bad. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. The cancellation of the match was because of the rain. (due to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Messi didn’t play. He had a physical injury. (owing to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. They did well in the exam. They worked hard work. (thanks to)
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16. The bell rings, the students leave the classroom. (as soon as)
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18. I am writing because I want to congratulate you for your success. (to)
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19. Mom is nice and generous. (both)
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20. Some apples are red but others are green. (while)
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21. The weather was bad. We enjoyed our trip. (though)
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22. The children slept well. It was noisy. (in spite of)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. I had a terrible headache. I went to a soccer game. (Even so)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Last year, March was mostly sunny. April was rainy. (However)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. You should work hard if you want to succeed. (so as to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. He is a good company. He talks all the time. (In spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I am saving money because I want to buy a bicycle. (so that)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Gallia is beautiful and smart. (not only … but … as well)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Our teacher speaks English and Spanish. (not only … but also….)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Surfing is fun. It can be dangerous. (Yet)
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8. Arabic and Amazigh are spoken in Morocco. (both)
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9. I couldn't eat. I was very hungry. (despite)
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10. Our team played well. They lost. (Even though)
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11. Mom is short but Dad is tall. (Whereas)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. We did not go on trip as the weather was bad. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. The cancellation of the match was because of the rain. (due to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Messi didn’t play. He had a physical injury. (owing to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. They did well in the exam. They worked hard work. (thanks to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. The bell rings, the students leave the classroom. (as soon as)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I am writing because I want to congratulate you for your success. (to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Mom is nice and generous. (both)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Some apples are red but others are green. (while)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. The weather was bad. We enjoyed our trip. (though)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
22. The children slept well. It was noisy. (in spite of)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. I had a terrible headache. I went to a soccer game. (Even so)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Last year, March was mostly sunny. April was rainy. (However)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
KEY:
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